1. Ramayan In Urdu Pdf Free Download

.,Notable sports teams183(2017)0.1467602WebsitePunjab ( &: پنجاب, romanized: Panjāb, pronounced, ; lit. 'Five waters') is 's most populous, with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017. Forming the bulk of the transnational, it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of, and, the enclave of,. It also shares borders with the Indian states of,.

The is, a cultural, historical, economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where, and much of its, are based.Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times. The, dating to 2600 BCE, was first discovered at. Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem, the, and is home to, site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world.

In 326 BCE, defeated at the near, Punjab. The in the 8th century CE.

In the subsequent centuries, Punjab was invaded and conquered by the, and the. Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the, which for a time ruled from Lahore. During the 18th century, caused Mughal authority in the Punjab to fall apart and it thus fell into chaos. The Durranis under wrested control of Punjab only to lose it to the Sikhs after a successful rebellion which allowed Sikh armies to claim Lahore in 1759. The was ruled by with his capital based in Lahore, until its defeat by the.

Punjab was central to the independence movements of both and, with Lahore being site of both the, and the. The province was formed when the was divided along religious boundaries in 1947 by the after.Punjab is most province with the making up 24% of the province's. Punjab is known in Pakistan for its relative prosperity, and has the lowest rate of poverty amongst all Pakistani provinces. A clear divide is present between the northern and southern portions of the province; with poverty rates in prosperous northern Punjab amongst the lowest in Pakistan, while some in south Punjab are amongst the most impoverished. Punjab is also one of most regions with approximately 40% of people living in urban areas.

Its rankings are high relative to the rest of Pakistan.The province has been strongly influenced by, with numerous shrines spread across Punjab which attract millions of devotees annually. The founder of the, was born in the Punjab town of near Lahore. Punjab is also the site of the, which features prominently in Hindu mythology. Several are located in Punjab, including the, the, the archaeological excavations at, and the. Contents.Etymology The region was originally called, the land of the seven rivers flowing into the ocean. The name for the region, as mentioned in the and for example, was Panchanada which means 'Land of the Five Rivers', and was translated to Persian as Punjab after the Muslim conquests. The region was known to the as Pentapotamia, meaning the region of five rivers.

The word Punjab was formally introduced in the early 17th century CE as an of the words panj ( five) and āb ( water), thus meaning the (land of) five rivers, similar in meaning to the Sanskrit and Greek name for the region. The five rivers, namely, and, flow via the into the and eventually into the. Of the five great rivers of Punjab, four course through Pakistan's Punjab province.History. Location of Punjab, Pakistan and the extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation sites in and around itThe oldest evidence of life in Pakistan has been found in River valley. It was here that some of the earliest signs of humans have been discovered during the excavations of prehistoric mounds. Tools up to two million years old have been recovered in. In the Soan River, many fossil bearing rocks are exposed on the surface.Punjab was part of the, more than 4000 years ago.The main site in Punjab was the city of.

The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the civilisation. The flourished along the length of the. Punjab during times was known as Panchanada. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia.

Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of both classical Western Eurasian empires including the, and empires, as well as (North Indian) empires such as that of the. It also comprised the Gujar empire for a period of time, otherwise known as the. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as and ) grew in wealth. Alexander's Indian CampaignHaving conquered, and in ten days, (known in Urdu as ) crossed the and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued.

Alexander then marched through, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa (at the site of modern-day ) was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of, who were very skilful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing 17,000 Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day ) was razed to the ground. The was fought astride the River in western Punjab against the regional chieftain Porus, and the occurred at the confluence of the Indus and Hydaspes Rivers near modern (during which Alexander suffered a near-fatal arrow wound). Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C.

And continued to campaign down the course of the Indus River in modern Sindh and Baluchistan.Indo-Greek Kingdom The or Graeco-Indian Kingdom was a Hellenistic kingdom covering most of the Punjab. The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king invaded the subcontinent early in the 2nd century BC.The city of founded by Demetrius combines Greek and Indian influences without signs of segregation between the two cultures.The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was (Milinda). He had his capital at in the Punjab (present-day ).The Indo-Greeks were involved with local faiths, particularly with Buddhism, but also with Hinduism'. Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and their rule, especially that of, has been remembered as benevolent.Indo-Scythians The king invaded Indo-Greek territories in Punjab and established an Indo-Scythian empire.

Maues first conquered Gandhara and Taxila around 80 BCE, but his kingdom disintegrated after his death. The Indo-Scythians ultimately established a kingdom in the northwest south Asia, based near Taxila, with two great Satraps, one in in the east, and one in Surastrene (Gujarat) in the southwest. The Indo-Scythians seem to have been followers of Buddhism, and many of their practices apparently continued those of the Indo-Greeks.Indo-Parthian Kingdom The was ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty with its capital at, Punjab., founder of Indo Parthia kingdom, was a ruler of Seistan in what is today eastern Iran, probably a vassal or relative of the Apracarajas. Around 20–10 BCE, he made conquests in the former Indo-Scythian kingdom, perhaps after the death of the important ruler. Gondophares became the ruler of areas comprising Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul valley.The temple of, Taxila is usually interpreted as a Zoroastrian fire temple from the period of the Indo-Parthians.Muslim Rulers Arrival of Islam.

(1680–1757), a Muslim Sufi poetThe Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising , when the army led by conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Arab, established after the death of. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph.

Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of, their capital was. Was the first to bring message of to the population of Punjab. Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of and in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others. In the 11th century, during the reign of, the province became an important centre, with Lahore as its second capital of the based out of.Middle Eastern soldiers, merchants, scholars, administrators, architects, theologians and migrated from the rest of the Islamic world to the expanding sultanates of the Indian subcontinent as settlers, explorers, missionaries and mercenaries. The Punjab region was gradually due to saints whose dot the landscape of; one such saint was, an 11th-century Persian mystic from now buried at in Lahore.

Main article:In 1758, the general of the Hindu, conquered Lahore and., the son and viceroy of Duranni Monarch, was driven out of Punjab., and other (ex-Mughal provinces) on the south and eastern side of were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. Afghan re-consolidation of Power, dominion and rule The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the in and regions and re-consolidated control over them. Sikh Empire. Ranjit Singh's EmpireIn the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of was born.

During the, many Hindus increasingly adopted. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire.

After fighting in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the under the ruler, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was, and the empire also extended into. Was the first Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. A, waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at, but with no decisive result.

In a major battle near the town of in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army. British Empire. Main article:Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to.

After the in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. In 35 British soldiers of the HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance during the. Pakistani Independence In 1947 the Punjab province of was divided along religious lines into. Western Punjab was assimilated into the new country of, while East Punjab became a part of. This led to massive rioting as both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees.The part of now in Pakistan once formed a major region of British Punjab, and was home to a large minority population of and up to 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.Migration between Eastern and Western Punjab was continuous before.

By the 1900s Western Punjab was predominantly Muslim and supported the. After independence, the minority and migrated to while refugees from settled in the Western Punjab and across, having fled that almost entirely depopulated Eastern Punjab of its Muslim population. Recent history.

At theSince the 1950s, Punjab industrialised rapidly. New factories were established in, and.Agriculture continues to be the largest sector of Punjab's economy. The province is the breadbasket of the country as well as home to the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, the.

Unlike neighbouring India, there was no large-scale redistribution of agricultural land. As a result, most rural areas are dominated by a small set of feudalistic.In the 1950s there was tension between the eastern and western halves of Pakistan. To address the situation, a new formula resulted in the abolition of the province status for Punjab in 1955. It was merged into a single province.

In 1972, after seceded and became, Punjab again became a province.Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of and in the wars of. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as. It also hosts major military bases such as at. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as.Starting in the 1980s, large numbers of Punjabis migrated to the Middle East, Britain, Spain, Canada and the United States for economic opportunities, forming the large, resulting in growing economic ties between Punjab and these countries.Geography Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province by area after with an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles).

It occupies 25.8% of the total landmass of. Punjab province is bordered by to the south, the province of to the southwest, the province of to the west, and the and in the north. Punjab borders in the north, and the Indian states of and to the east.The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region.

Other important cities include,. The undivided Punjab region was home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistan's Punjab province. From west to east, the rivers are: the,. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the of the city at.

In the -, the is for. Topography. Punjab features mountainous terrain near the of.Punjab's landscape consists mostly consists of fertile alluvial plains of the and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the, and rivers which traverse Punjab north to south – the fifth of the 'five waters' of Punjab, the, lies exclusively in the Indian state of Punjab. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and can be found throughout the province. Punjab also includes several mountainous regions, including the in the southwest part of the province, the in the north near, and the which divides the most northerly portion of Punjab, the, from the rest of the province. Sparse can be found in southern Punjab near the border with and near the Sulaiman Range. Punjab also contains part of the and deserts.

In the South, Punjab's elevation reaches 2,327 metres (7,635 ft) near the hill station of in Dera Ghazi Khan.Climate. The route from toThe onset of the southwest is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s, the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat.

Heat records were broken in in June 1993, when the was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake.

The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.Recently the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years.Punjab's region temperature ranges from −2° to 45 °C, but can reach 50 °C (122 °F) in summer and can touch down to −10 °C in winter.Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons:. Hot weather (April to June) when temperature rises as high as 110 °F. Rainy season (July to September).

Average rainfall annual ranges between 96 cm sub-mountain region and 46 cm in the plains. Cooler/ Foggy / mild weather (October to March).

Temperature goes down as low as 40 °F. See also: and Demographics Historical population figuresCensusPopulationUrbanRural195120,540,7623,568,07616,925,463,9745,475,92219,937,607,4239,182,69528,447,292,44113,051,64634,273,621,29023,019,02550,6110,012,61570,008,45140,401,164The province is home to over half the population of. Punjabis are a group comprising different, (: برادری‎). In Pakistani Punjab, non-tribal social distinctions are primarily based on traditional occupations such as or, as opposed to rigid.Punjab has the lowest poverty rates in Pakistan, although a divide is present between the northern and southern parts of the province.

In the prosperous northern part of the province has a poverty rate of 5.63%, while in the poorer south has a poverty rate of 60.05%. Languages. A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools of the Punjab.The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. See also:;; andThe Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan.

The current Chief Minister is He got elected as a result of 25 July 2018 elections. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn, reports to the Chief Minister.

In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.Divisions. GDP by ProvincePunjab has the in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010.

It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also a major manpower contributor because it has the largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan.

It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions ranging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8% and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year.

And during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan. Former administrative divisions of PunjabDespite its, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, vegetables, and fruits such as. Livestock and poultry production are also important.

Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.Punjab contributes about 76% to annual food grain production in the country. Cotton and rice are important crops.

They are the that contribute substantially to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of textile units is 14,820. The ginning industries are 6,778.

There are 7,355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries.Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods.Punjab is also a mineral-rich province with extensive mineral deposits of coal, iron, gas, petrol, (with the second largest salt mine in the world), and silica-sand.

The Punjab Mineral Development Corporation is running over a hundred economically viable projects. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.The incidence of poverty differs between the different regions of Punjab. With Northern and Central Punjab facing much lower levels of poverty than Western and Southern Punjab. Those living in Southern and Western Punjab are also a lot more dependent on agriculture due to lower levels of industrialisation in those regions.As of June 2012, Pakistan's electricity problems were so severe that violent riots were taking place across Punjab. According to protesters, was depriving the cities of electricity 20–22 hours a day, causing businesses to go bust and making living extremely hard., and communities across saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012, with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers, and being ransacked or attacked.

Education. The literacy rate has increased greatly over the last 40 years (see the table below). Punjab has the highest out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.670.

YearLiteracy Rate197220.7%198127.4%199859.6%201561%Sources:This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998.QualificationUrbanRuralTotalEnrollment Ratio(%)–23,019,02550,602,26573,621,290—Below Primary3,356,17311,598,03914,954,212100.00Primary6,205,92918,039,70724,245,63679.68Middle5,140,14810,818,76415,958,91246.75Matriculation4,624,5227,119,73811,744,26025.07Intermediate1,862,2391,821,6813,683,9209.12BA, BSc. Degrees110,06,6354.12MA, MSc.

Degrees1,226,9,991,0083.84Diploma, Certificate.418,941,5951.13Other qualifications73,695,1120.26Public universities. (1320 AD)Punjab has been the cradle of civilisation since times immemorial. The ruins of show an advanced urban culture that flourished over 8000 years ago., another historic landmark also stands out as a proof of the achievements of the area in learning, arts and crafts.

The ancient Hindu and the Salt Range temples are regaining attention and much-needed repair.The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor is of a richer and more elaborate nature.

The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.Fairs and festivals. Main article:The culture of Punjab derives its basis from the institution of, who spread Islam and preached and lived the Muslim way of life. People have festivities to commemorate these traditions. The fairs and festivals of Punjab reflect the entire gamut of its folk life and cultural traditions. These mainly fall in the following categories:Religious and seasonal fairs and festivals Religious fairs are held on special days of Islamic significance like,.

The main activities on these special occasions are confined to congregational prayers and rituals. Melas are also held to mark these occasions.Devotional fairs (Urs).

Punjab is famous for various shrines of saints and in particularThe fairs held at the shrines of saints are called. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint.

On these occasions, devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing.

It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data at, urs of at, urs of Shah Jewna at, urs of at Lahore, urs of Ganj Shakar at, urs of Bahaudin Zakria at, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at, urs of at Lahore, urs of at, urs of Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at -Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayat Qadri (the murrshad of ) in Lahore.A big fair/mela is organised at in district on the mausoleum of Syed who is the most loved Sufi poet of Punjab due to his classic work,. The shrine of in is one of the most visited shrines in Punjab. Built by Mughal Emperor at Industrial and commercial fairs Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots.Other festivals Vaisakhi, also called Besakhi, is a harvest festival to celebrate harvesting the wheat crop. Colourful festivals are held at the time of Besakhi when farmers are free to enjoy their leisure time.

Various literary festivals and fairs are organised in many places.is a seasonal festival and is celebrated as a spring festival of kites. The day is marked by wearing yellow, eating food with yellow colouring such as potatoes with turmeric and saffron rice, and holding parties. Arts and crafts The crafts in the Punjab are of two types: the crafts produced in the rural areas and the royal crafts.Major attractions. The, a landmark built during the Mughal era, is aThe province is home to several historical sites, including the, the, the, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of. The and 's Tomb are prominent in the city of as is the, while the ancient city of in the northwest was once a major centre of and influence. Several important shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first,. There are a few famous hill stations, including, and.Katasraj Mandir is a temple complex situated in Katas village near in the.

Dedicated to, the temple has, according to Hindu legend, existed since the days of and the brothers spent a substantial part of their exile at the site and later himself laid the foundation of this temple. The is a tourist attraction.

Tours are accompanied by guides as the mine itself is very large and the complex interconnected passages are like a maze. There is a small but beautiful mosque inside the mine made from salt stone. A clinical ward with 20 beds was established in 2007 for the treatment of and other respiratory diseases using.Music and dance.

Various festivals in rural PunjabClassical music forms, such as, are an important part of the cultural wealth of the Punjab. The Muslim musicians have contributed a large number of ragas to the repository of classical music.

The most common instruments used are the and.Among the Punjabi poets, the names of, and and folk singers like and Tufail Niazi, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lonawala, Talib Hussain Dard, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of, Roshen Ara Begum, and are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles.For the most popular music from the region, the names of, Legacy, and are renowned.Folklore.

Main article:Folklore songs, ballads, epics and romances are generally written and sung in the various.There are a number of folk tales that are popular in different parts of the Punjab. These are the folk tales of, and.The mystic folk songs include the Kafees of Khwaja Farid in Saraiki, Punjabi and the Shalooks.

They also include Baits, Dohas, Lohris, Sehra, and.The most famous of the romantic love songs are Mayhiah, Dhola and Boliyan. Punjabi romantic dances include Dharees, and.Social issues One social/educational issue is the status of Punjabi language. According to Manzur Ejaz, 'In Central Punjab, Punjabi is neither an official language of the province nor it is used as medium of education at any level. There are only two daily newspapers published in Punjabi in the Central areas of Punjab. Only a few monthly literary magazines constitute Punjabi press in Pakistan'.

Notable people.: Some people who were born in area currently part of Punjab, Pakistan and migrated to India might exist in this list.Gallery. ^ 15 October 2017 at the. Cite web url= title=Punjab leads in Human Development Index. From the original on 1 February 2009. The National (UAE). 11 December 2013. From the original on 17 August 2016.

Retrieved 14 July 2016. Malik, Abdul-Rehman.

The Guardian. From the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. Beck, Roger B. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. (2004).

Within the Four Seas: The Dialogue of East and West. Routledge.; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India (4th ed.).

Ramayan In Urdu Pdf Free Download

In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila., (2007), 'Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's in ancient India', World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 3 (1):Kautilya was also a of Politics and Economics at Taxila University. Taxila University is one of the oldest known universities in the world and it was the chief learning centre in ancient India. (2nd ed. 1951; reprint 1989), (p. 478), Motilal Banarsidass Publ.,:Thus the various centres of learning in different parts of the country became affiliated, as it were, to the educational centre, or the central university, of Taxila which exercised a kind of intellectual over the wide world of letters in India. Radha Kumud Mookerji (2nd ed.

1951; reprint 1989), Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (p. 479), Motilal Banarsidass Publ.,:This shows that Taxila was a seat not of elementary, but higher, education, of colleges or a university as distinguished from schools.

Dalrymple, William (29 June 2015). The New Yorker. From the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. ^ Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department (March 2015). (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2016.

The industrial sector of Punjab employs around 23% of the province's labour force and contributes 24% to the provincial GDP. ^ Farooqui, Tashkeel (20 June 2016). The Express Tribune. From the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.

Arif, G. Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Archived from (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. Among the four provinces, the highest incidence of poverty is found in Sindh (45%), followed by Balochistan (44%), Khyber Pakhtukhaw (KP) (37%) and Punjab (21%).

is Pakistan's least impoverished administrative unit, but ICT is not a province. Also has a rate of poverty lower than Punjab, but is not a province. Arif, G. Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Archived from (PDF) on 13 December 2016.

Retrieved 14 July 2016. See Table 5, Page 12 'Sialkot District'. ^ Arif, G. Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Hank williams sings. Archived from (PDF) on 13 December 2016.

Retrieved 14 July 2016. See Table 5, Page 12 'Rajanpur District'. Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department (March 2015).

(PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2016. Punjab is among the most urbanized regions of South Asia and is experiencing a consistent and long-term demographic shift of the population to urban regions and cities, with around 40% of the province's population living in urban areas. Gilmartin, David (1988). Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan.

University of California Press. Pp. 40–41. (2004) 1909.

The Sikh Religion — Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. India: Low Price Publications. (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. India: Oxford University Press. Pp. 12–13. Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2008).

The History of Pakistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. Temple Darshan. Archived from on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. From the original on 4 July 2016.

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LUCKNOW: The Manjuls in Old City's Karbala Colony never thought that their forgotten legacy could be so precious. Sifting through the library started by his great grandfather Mawali Hussain Naseerbadi in his native village in Rae Bareli, Farman came across a written at least 300 years ago. The surprise element was that the Mahabharat was written in Urdu with each chapter containing an introduction in Arabic and Persian languages. The script is Arabic. His mother Shahin Akhtar revealed that the family had been preserving this book as a lucky icon for the past five generations. “It was probably misplaced after my father's death,” says Farman, who is going to get the book restored. Family friend and a Kari (religious teacher), Waheed Abbas, studied the book in detail.

“This is an emblem of our Ganga-Jamuni tradition and must be saved for generations to come,” he said, adding that Haji Talib Hussain and his friend Durga Prasad wrote the book for Urdu readers. Abbas also said that the Manjul family, which can trace its roots to a Shia Iman Hazrat Ali Naqi, was also keeping the tradition of communal amity alive by preserving their prized possession. “Though it is not a literal translation, it has covered the details of the book in easy language in a story form,” explained Abbas. Each chapter has been beautifully introduced by Arabic verses. Citing an example, Farman said, “Ba une khaliq e maqan. Azamin-o-asman” for example means this book contains personalities who are found on both earth and sky.

I assume that reference is being made to Lord Krishna.” Abbas added that the descriptions were quite vivid as well. Ever since the book has been reclaimed from the library of 10,000 books, Shahin is reading it. And as it is said about Mahabharat, the book has stirred her thought process. On Thursday morning, she was heard telling her son to quit anger. “Krodh patan ka karan hota hai (Anger is the cause of one's downfall),” she said. She also feels that reading the book was far better than watching TV serials on the epic.

“There is no retention and recall value in TV after all,” she reasons. The 300-year-old Mahabharat has also changed their life. “We are getting unprecedented guests these days.and all want to take a look at this age-old book,” said Shahin.